TDP | 熱設計功耗

  • 熱設計功耗是什麼?
    熱設計功耗,或稱散熱設計功率,英文簡稱TDP,是指一顆CPU或GPU處理器達到最高負荷時,所釋放的最大熱量。雖然所使用的單位是瓦(W)或千瓦(KW),TDP並不代表處理器的最大功耗,而是處理器不得超過的功耗上限,避免散熱系統無法負荷,導致系統過熱損毀。事實上,大多數處理器能使用大於TDP指定的電量,將時脈速度提升至高於廠方指定的速度運作,也就是所謂的「超頻」;但一般而言,這將造成處理器的「節流」(throttling)機制啟動,把用電量降回TDP以下,以確保安全。

    企業級的資料中心伺服器機房內,由於電腦設備大多處於尖峰狀態,熱設計功耗也相當於最大使用電量。如何改善溫控散熱,讓熱設計功耗可以再提高,在高效能運算(HPC)盛行的當下已成為顯學,IT專家希望藉此駕馭更強大的運算效能。

  • 為何需要?
    由於熱設計功耗理論上代表釋放熱能的最大值,也相當於理論上的最大功耗,業界常將高TDP視作更高的晶片效能與運算力的指標。但是,熱設計功耗越高,散熱系統的負擔就越大,在氣冷式機房內,必須壓低室內環溫(或稱工作溫度);甚至採用顛覆性的液冷式浸沒式冷卻方案,達到更高的散熱成效。

  • 技嘉的特色
    技嘉科技的伺服器產品及解決方案受到學術界、科學研究所、政府機構和各種規模的全球企業的肯定,並且可將氣冷式、液冷式、單相浸沒式液冷或兩相浸沒式液冷方案提供給客戶。高效散熱系統能保護伺服器產品,不讓其超過指定TDP,增強伺服器可靠程度及可用性。尤其是液冷和浸沒式液冷方案,由於散熱效益卓越,可接受機房內更高的工作溫度,進而降低冷卻系統功耗,縮小整體機房的碳足跡。

    氣冷式:技嘉的氣冷式伺服器產品採用獨家設計,透過模擬軟體預測和評估氣流方向,根據蒐集的資料微調機殼架構,優化冷卻效益。機殼內安裝強力風扇、高效能散熱片、導風罩等元件,加強通風,並依照不同產品線的獨特屬性再做設計上的微調,達到優於業界的解熱能力,可支援更高的TDP、更極致的運算效能。

    液冷式:此方案又稱水冷式、直接液冷(DLC)、直達晶片(D2C)液冷,意思是用裝滿冷卻液的密封管線(或稱封閉式冷卻迴路)來降溫。技嘉攜手領先業界的液冷專家,提供高密度、便於安裝的液冷式伺服器方案;成功案例包括提供高效能運算叢集給德國航太中心,在不增加碳排放的前提下,將超強運算力注入航太運輸領域的研究。

    單相浸沒式液冷:浸沒式(或稱浸入式、沉浸式、浸潤式)冷卻方案,是液冷降溫的最高境界,單相浸沒式方案將伺服器泡入不導電的冷卻液當中直接散熱,冷卻液循環到外部的CDU(冷卻劑分配控制器)降溫,再循環回到水槽內。此方案不但能降低機房功耗與碳足跡,還可以接受更高的環溫與TDP,釋放出更高的運算力。技嘉科技參與日本電信巨擘KDDI的單相浸沒式液冷微型機房解決方案

    兩相浸沒式液冷:兩相浸沒式與單向浸沒式的差別,就是冷卻液直接在水槽內進行相變,伺服器的廢熱導致低沸點冷卻液蒸發成為蒸氣,蒸氣再透過水槽頂端的冷凝器裝置降溫,轉變成為液體型態流回水槽內,如此不斷進行的循環能夠有效散熱。技嘉科技為技術享譽國際的晶圓代工霸主全新打造了「兩相浸沒式液冷機房」,不但協助其改善PUE至1.08,還促成晶片運算效能增加10%以上。

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